c. 850
First known discovery of coffee berries. Legend of goat herder Kaldi of Ethiopia who notices his goats are friskier after eating red berries of a local shrub. Experiments with the berries himself and begins to feel happier.

c. 1100
The first coffee trees are cultivated on the Arabian peninsula. Coffee is first roasted and boiled by Arabs making qahwa - a beverage made from plants.

1475
The world's first coffee shop opens in Constantinople. It is followed by the establishment of two coffee houses in 1554.

c. 1600
Coffee enters Europe through the port of Venice. The first coffeehouse opens in Italy in 1654.

1607
Coffee is introduced to the New World by Captain John Smith, founder of Virginia at Jamestown. Some Canadian historians claim it arrived in previously settled Canada.

1652
The first coffeehouse opens in England. Coffeehouses are called penny universities (a penny is charged for admission and a cup of coffee). Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse opens in 1688. It eventually becomes Lloyd's of London, the world's best-known insurance company.

1672
The opening of the first Parisian café dedicated to serving coffee. In 1713, King Louis XIV is presented with a coffee tree. It is believed that sugar was first used as an additive in his court.

1683
The first coffeehouse opens in Vienna. The Turks, defeated in battle, leave sacks of coffee behind.

1690
The Dutch become the first to transport and cultivate coffee commercially. Coffee is smuggled out of the Arab port of Mocha and transported to Ceylon and the East Indies for cultivation.

1721
The first coffeehouse opens in Berlin.

1723
Coffee plants are introduced in the Americas for cultivation. Gabriel de Clieu, a French naval officer, transports a seedling to Martinique. By 1777, 19 million coffee plants are cultivated on the island.

1727
The Brazilian coffee industry gets its start from seedlings smuggled out of Paris.

1750
One of Europe's first coffeehouses, Café Greco, opens in Rome. By 1763, Venice has over 2,000 coffee shops.

1822
The prototype of the first espresso machine is created in France.

1885
A process of using natural gas and hot air becomes the most popular method of roasting coffee.

c. 1900
Kaffeeklatsch, afternoon coffee, becomes popular in Germany.

1905
The first commercial espresso machine is manufactured in Italy.

1908
The invention of the worlds first drip coffeemaker. Melitta Bentz makes a filter using blotting paper.

1933
Dr. Ernest Illy develops the first automatic espresso machine.

1938
Nescafé instant coffee is invented by Nestlé to assist the Brazilian government in solving its coffee surplus problem.

1945
Achilles Gaggia perfects the espresso machine with a piston that creates a high-pressure extraction to produce a thick layer of crema.

1995
Coffee is the world's most popular beverage. More than 400 billion cups are consumed each year. It is a world commodity that is second only to oil.